Reasoning, Evidence, and Knowledge

Distinguish observations, interpretations, assumptions, and conclusions in a factual scenario.

Break an argument into its premises and conclusion.

Distinguish deductive validity from inductive strength.

Recognise common informal fallacies in public claims and everyday arguments.

Evaluate a source using its authority, evidence, currency, purpose, and corroboration.

Distinguish correlation from causation in reports about crime or human behaviour.

Interpret basic percentages, rates, averages, and risk statements used in public-service data.

Construct a justified conclusion while stating the limits of the available evidence.