Classify short examples under the definition of geography and the five themes of geography: location, place, human–environment interaction, movement, and region.

Use a globe and its reference lines to identify the equator, prime meridian, Greenwich, latitude, hemispheres, the United States’ hemispheres, Australia’s hemispheres, and changes in relative location.

Compare the seven continents, the oceans, Pangaea, Antarctica, and Lake Baikal by location and clearly stated size criteria in multiple-choice questions.

Classify the lithosphere, atmosphere, relief, magma, lava, chemical weathering, and glacial erosion from accurate definitions and examples.

Connect plate movement with earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis and answer location questions involving Alaska, the Ring of Fire, Chile, major southern Illinois seismic zones, and Old Faithful.

Define weather and identify the enhanced greenhouse effect as the principal cause of recent global warming in short multiple-choice scenarios.

Distinguish hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes, blizzards, and droughts by formation, defining characteristics, warning time, and criterion-specific geographic prevalence.

Infer seasons and relative day length from solstices, equinoxes, and the Northern or Southern Hemisphere.