Scientific, Chemical, and Cellular Foundations

Identify the independent variable, dependent variable, control group, and constants in a biology experiment.

Interpret a biological data graph and distinguish correlation from evidence of causation.

Distinguish covalent bonds, ionic interactions, and hydrogen bonds in biological molecules.

Explain how water's polarity and hydrogen bonding produce properties important to living organisms.

Classify carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids by their basic structures and biological roles.

Compare the defining features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Match major eukaryotic organelles to their primary cellular functions.

Explain how phospholipid structure produces a selectively permeable cell membrane.