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Biology Fundamentals
Module 1
Scientific, Chemical, and Cellular Foundations
1
Identifying Variables and Controls in Biology Experiments
Identify the independent variable, dependent variable, control group, and constants in a biology experiment.
Identify the independent variable, dependent variable, control group, and constants in a biology experiment.
2
Interpreting Biological Data: Correlation vs. Causation
Interpret a biological data graph and distinguish correlation from evidence of causation.
Interpret a biological data graph and distinguish correlation from evidence of causation.
3
Types of Chemical Bonds in Biological Molecules
Distinguish covalent bonds, ionic interactions, and hydrogen bonds in biological molecules.
Distinguish covalent bonds, ionic interactions, and hydrogen bonds in biological molecules.
4
Water’s Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding: Essential Properties for Life
Explain how water's polarity and hydrogen bonding produce properties important to living organisms.
Explain how water's polarity and hydrogen bonding produce properties important to living organisms.
5
Classifying Biomolecules by Structure and Function
Classify carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids by their basic structures and biological roles.
Classify carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids by their basic structures and biological roles.
6
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: Key Differences
Compare the defining features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Compare the defining features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
7
Major Eukaryotic Organelles and Their Functions
Match major eukaryotic organelles to their primary cellular functions.
Match major eukaryotic organelles to their primary cellular functions.
8
How Phospholipid Structure Creates Selective Membrane Permeability
Explain how phospholipid structure produces a selectively permeable cell membrane.
Explain how phospholipid structure produces a selectively permeable cell membrane.
Module 2
Membranes, Metabolism, and Cell Function
9
Predicting Water and Solute Movement in Diffusion and Osmosis
Predict the net movement of water and solutes during diffusion and osmosis.
Predict the net movement of water and solutes during diffusion and osmosis.
10
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
Determine whether a substance crosses a membrane by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, or bulk transport.
Determine whether a substance crosses a membrane by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, or bulk transport.
11
Enzyme Function and Factors Affecting Activity
Explain how enzymes lower activation energy and predict how temperature, pH, and concentration affect enzyme activity.
Explain how enzymes lower activation energy and predict how temperature, pH, and concentration affect enzyme activity.
12
ATP: Coupling Energy-Releasing and Energy-Requiring Reactions
Explain how cells use ATP to couple energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring processes.
Explain how cells use ATP to couple energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring processes.
13
Transformations of Matter and Energy in Cellular Respiration
Trace the major transformations of matter and energy during cellular respiration.
Trace the major transformations of matter and energy during cellular respiration.
14
Matter and Energy Transformations in Photosynthesis
Trace the major transformations of matter and energy during photosynthesis.
Trace the major transformations of matter and energy during photosynthesis.
15
Negative Feedback and Homeostasis
Explain how negative feedback helps an organism maintain homeostasis.
Explain how negative feedback helps an organism maintain homeostasis.
16
Cell Cycle and Mitosis: Stages and Biological Purposes
Distinguish the stages and biological purposes of the cell cycle and mitosis.
Distinguish the stages and biological purposes of the cell cycle and mitosis.
Module 3
Inheritance and Molecular Genetics
17
Genetic Variation and Chromosome Number in Meiosis and Fertilization
Explain how meiosis and fertilization create genetic variation while maintaining chromosome number across generations.
Explain how meiosis and fertilization create genetic variation while maintaining chromosome number across generations.
18
Solving Monohybrid Crosses with Punnett Squares and Probability
Solve monohybrid genetic crosses using allele notation, Punnett squares, and probability.
Solve monohybrid genetic crosses using allele notation, Punnett squares, and probability.
19
Predicting Inheritance Patterns in Complex Traits
Predict inheritance outcomes involving incomplete dominance, codominance, or sex-linked traits.
Predict inheritance outcomes involving incomplete dominance, codominance, or sex-linked traits.
20
Connecting DNA, Genes, Alleles, Chromosomes, and Traits
Relate DNA, genes, alleles, chromosomes, and traits to one another.
Relate DNA, genes, alleles, chromosomes, and traits to one another.
21
Semiconservative DNA Replication: Producing Two DNA Molecules
Describe how semiconservative DNA replication produces two DNA molecules.
Describe how semiconservative DNA replication produces two DNA molecules.
22
Transcribing DNA into Messenger RNA
Transcribe a DNA template sequence into messenger RNA.
Transcribe a DNA template sequence into messenger RNA.
23
Translating mRNA into an Amino-Acid Sequence
Translate a messenger RNA sequence into an amino-acid sequence using a genetic-code chart.
Translate a messenger RNA sequence into an amino-acid sequence using a genetic-code chart.
24
From DNA Changes to Protein and Phenotype Effects
Predict how a change in a DNA sequence can affect a protein and phenotype.
Predict how a change in a DNA sequence can affect a protein and phenotype.
Module 4
Evolution and Ecology
25
Explaining Population Change Through Natural Selection
Apply the conditions of natural selection to explain how a population changes across generations.
Apply the conditions of natural selection to explain how a population changes across generations.
26
Natural Selection vs. Other Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
Distinguish natural selection from mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift as mechanisms of evolutionary change.
Distinguish natural selection from mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift as mechanisms of evolutionary change.
27
Interpreting Cladograms and Phylogenetic Trees
Infer evolutionary relationships from a cladogram or phylogenetic tree.
Infer evolutionary relationships from a cladogram or phylogenetic tree.
28
Reproductive Isolation and Speciation
Explain how reproductive isolation can lead to speciation.
Explain how reproductive isolation can lead to speciation.
29
Limiting Factors and Carrying Capacity in Population Growth
Analyze how limiting factors and carrying capacity affect population growth.
Analyze how limiting factors and carrying capacity affect population growth.
30
How Species Interactions Shape Community Populations
Predict how competition, predation, and mutualism can affect populations within a community.
Predict how competition, predation, and mutualism can affect populations within a community.
31
Energy Flow Through Trophic Levels and Energy Loss at Higher Levels
Trace energy flow through trophic levels and explain why available energy decreases at higher levels.
Trace energy flow through trophic levels and explain why available energy decreases at higher levels.
32
Carbon Cycling Through Ecosystems and Human Impacts
Trace carbon through an ecosystem and predict how human activities can alter the carbon cycle.
Trace carbon through an ecosystem and predict how human activities can alter the carbon cycle.