Wave Foundations and Core Calculations

Explain how a travelling wave transfers energy without producing a net transfer of matter.

Classify sound, string, light, P seismic, and S seismic waves using particle-motion direction and whether a material medium is required.

Determine amplitude and wavelength from a displacement–distance graph and period from a displacement–time graph.

Solve test-style problems using T = 1/f, v = fλ, SI-prefix conversions, and the round-trip distance of an echo.