Advanced Solidity and Security Patterns

Implement contract inheritance and use abstract contracts and interfaces.

Use structs and enums to model complex, domain-specific data.

Handle errors effectively using `require`, `revert`, and custom errors.

Distinguish between `storage`, `memory`, and `calldata` data locations to optimize for gas.

Write and apply function modifiers for reusable checks, such as access control.

Describe the reentrancy vulnerability and prevent it using the checks-effects-interactions pattern.

Use OpenZeppelin's `ReentrancyGuard` as a practical defense against reentrancy attacks.

Explain how Solidity v0.8+ built-in checks protect against integer overflow/underflow.