Python

Format values inside readable text using f-strings.

Access characters and substrings using string indexing and slicing.

Transform and search text using common string methods.

Construct comparison expressions that produce Boolean results.

Combine conditions using and, or, and not.

Control program execution using if, elif, and else branches.

Write an interactive program that uses input and conditional branching to produce one of several results.

Create lists and retrieve or replace their elements by index.

Modify lists using standard methods such as append(), insert(), remove(), and sort().

Store, retrieve, and update key-value data in dictionaries.

Use sets to remove duplicate values and perform membership tests.

Select an appropriate string, list, dictionary, or set for a given data-storage task.

Iterate over the elements of a string, list, dictionary, or set using a for loop.

Generate and iterate over integer sequences using range().

Repeat code while a Boolean condition remains true using a while loop.

Calculate totals and counts by updating accumulator variables inside loops.

Alter loop execution appropriately using break and continue.

Build a menu-driven collection tracker that repeatedly accepts and processes user commands.

Define and call functions that accept parameters.

Return a value from a function and use that value elsewhere in a program.

Predict how local and global scope affect variable access inside functions.

Decompose a short script into functions with distinct responsibilities.

Test a function with normal, boundary, and invalid inputs.

Locate and fix simple defects using error messages, tracebacks, and targeted print statements.

Import a Python standard-library module and call one of its functions.

Read text from a file safely using a with statement.

Write and append text to a file safely using a with statement.

Handle an expected runtime error using try and except.

Build a small command-line program that uses functions, collections, file persistence, and error handling.