Polymorphism and Generic Programming

Apply parametric polymorphism to write generic functions, explaining its implementation via type variables as pioneered by the ML language family.

Describe ad-hoc polymorphism as a mechanism for providing type-specific implementations of a common interface.

Compare two approaches to ad-hoc polymorphism: function overloading (e.g., C++) and type classes/traits (e.g., Haskell/Rust).

Describe subtype polymorphism and its relationship to inheritance in object-oriented languages like Java or Python.

Analyze the trade-offs between parametric, ad-hoc, and subtype polymorphism by comparing their use cases and implementations across language families.