Python

Format values inside readable text using f-strings.

Access characters and substrings using string indexing and slicing.

Transform and search text using common string methods.

Construct comparison expressions that produce Boolean results.

Combine conditions using and, or, and not.

Control program execution using if, elif, and else branches.

Write an interactive program that uses input and conditional branching to produce one of several results.

Create lists and retrieve or replace their elements by index.

Modify lists using standard methods such as append(), insert(), remove(), and sort().

Store, retrieve, and update key-value data in dictionaries.

Select an appropriate string, list, or dictionary for a given data-storage task.

Iterate over the elements of a string or list using a for loop.

Iterate over dictionary keys, values, and key-value pairs using a for loop and .items().

Generate and iterate over integer sequences using range().

Repeat code while a Boolean condition remains true using a while loop.

Calculate totals and counts by updating accumulator variables inside loops.

Alter loop execution appropriately using break and continue.

Build a menu-driven collection tracker that repeatedly accepts and processes user commands.

Define and call functions that accept parameters.

Return a value from a function and use that value elsewhere in a program.

Trace short programs to distinguish function parameters and local variables from names defined outside a function.

Refactor the in-memory collection tracker into functions with distinct responsibilities.

Test a function with normal, boundary, and invalid inputs.

Locate and fix simple defects using error messages, tracebacks, and targeted print statements.

Import a Python standard-library module and call one of its functions.

Read, write, and append text files in the browser workspace using with statements and appropriate file modes.

Handle an expected conversion or file error using a targeted try and except statement.

Extend the refactored collection tracker so it loads and saves its collection in a text file.

Add graceful handling for invalid user input and missing or malformed file data, then verify the complete tracker against normal and error scenarios.