Foundations of Functional Programming

Distinguish between expressions and statements, using examples from early imperative languages (e.g., C) and functional languages (e.g., Lisp).

Apply referential transparency to reason about code equivalence, referencing its mathematical origins and role in early functional languages.

Write pure functions that avoid side effects, tracing this concept from Lisp through modern functional languages.

Analyze design trade-offs of immutable data structures, comparing implementations in Clojure's persistent structures, Haskell's default immutability, and functional-style Python.

Trace the historical development of first-class and higher-order functions from Lisp through modern languages.

Explain the benefits and trade-offs of functional programming using specific language examples (e.g., Haskell's type safety vs. Python's flexibility).